'Felix the Cat' Sunday page from 1933.
Otto Messmer was an American animator and comic artist, generally known as the (co-)creator of 'Felix the Cat' (1919). 'Felix the Cat' was the first animated series to become a global success. His animated shorts were some of the funniest and most inventive cartoons of the 1920s. The little black cat can be credited with popularizing animation among general audiences, not just in film theaters, but through colossal merchandising as well, unprecedented by previous cartoon characters. One of these byproducts were comics. Messmer, head animator on 'Felix', drew the comic strip personally, which allowed quality control. Contrary to previous comics based on animated characters, 'Felix' proved to be equally successful. Drawing the 'Felix' comic for 31 years straight, Messmer can be credited with popularizing comics based on animated series. But debate continues whether either he, or his boss Pat Sullivan, can claim to have actually created Felix as a character.
Early life and career
Otto James Messmer was born in 1892 in West Hoboken (nowadays Union City) in New Jersey in a family of German immigrants. He studied at the local Thomas School of Art and worked along with the Acme Agency, illustrating fashion catalogs. Inspired by Winsor McCay, he started publishing comics and cartoons in magazines and newspapers like The New York World (owned by Joseph Pulitzer) and Life Magazine by 1912.
Animation
In 1915, Messmer made his venture into animation, working alongside veteran cartoonist Hy Mayer. Together they created an animated film series, 'The Travels of Teddy' (1915), based on the hunting experiences of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. After the series ended, Messmer joined Pat Sullivan's cartoon studio, where he created another animated series based on a celebrity, this time Charlie Chaplin. In 1917, Sullivan was jailed for nine months, which motivated Messmer to work for Mayer again. As the United States entered the First World War in that same year, Messmer was drafted too. He was stationed in France, where he worked as a telegraphist.
Still from a 'Felix' cartoon.
Felix the Cat
In 1919, Sullivan's studio scored a worldwide hit with the creation of 'Felix the Cat'. As early as 1917, Pat Sullivan had created an animated short, 'The Tail of Thomas Kat', which featured a prototype of the later Felix. Messmer created a similar black cat in the short 'Feline Follies' two years later, but initially named him 'Master Tom'. After his third cartoon, the character was rebaptized as 'Felix', both a pun on the Latin name for cat ("felis") and luck ("felix"). The 'Felix the Cat' cartoons immediately became a huge success. Compared with other studios, the Fleischer Brothers excluded, the animation was far more sophisticated and took more advantage of the creative possibilities of the still young medium. Felix did all kinds of visual gags impossible to reproduce in live-action. He could alter perspective, gravity, scenery and even broke the fourth wall. Sometimes he transformed his tail into a weapon or a tool, other times he used it as one of his question or exclamation marks for the same effect. The classic short 'Felix in Hollywood' (1923) was the first animated cartoon to feature caricatures of Hollywood celebrities. These and many more innovations would soon be copied and imitated by all animation studios that came afterwards.
All throughout the 1920s, Felix the Cat was as famous as any live-action Hollywood star. He became the first cartoon character to be mass-produced in merchandising. Various sources have claimed that on 24 November 1932 Felix was the first comic character to be made into a giant balloon carried around during Macy's Thanksgiving Parade. In reality, that honor should go to Rudolph Dirks' 'The Katzenjammer Kids', who made their first appearance during the 6th edition, held on 28 November 1929. Felix doesn't even hold the honor of being the first animated cartoon character, taking in account the obscure 1915-1919 Katzenjammer Kids animated shorts made by International Film Service. Between 1926 and 1928, British comic artists Charlie Pease and Arthur Martin also had a humor comic strip named 'Felix the Fat' which, other than the lame pun in the title, had nothing to do with Felix. Ed E. Bryant and Hubert W. David wrote a song about the cat, 'Felix Kept On Walking' (1923), which was covered by various musicians, including jazz legend Paul Whiteman. Bryant and David followed up with another song, 'Here He Is Again (Being More Adventures of Felix)' (1924). Other music inspired by Felix from the same period were the songs 'Let's All Follow Felix (That Dog-Gone Crazy Cat)' (1923) by Ralph Stanley and Leslie Alleyn, 'Fido Followed Felix' (1924) by Harry Tilsey and 'Felix! Felix! Felix the Cat!' (1928) by Alfred Bryan, Pete Wendling and Max Kortlander. Even famed composer Paul Hindemith wrote an entire score for the now lost cartoon 'Frolics at the Circus' (1920). When Charles Lindbergh made his famous non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927, he took a Felix the Cat doll along with him (after arriving in Paris he was given another doll, this one modeled after Émile-Joseph Pinchon's 'Bécassine'). During the experimental TV broadcasts by NBC in 1928 they tested the transmission by filming a Felix the Cat doll.
The 'Felix the Cat' cartoons were not only popular with the general public, but also drew praise from Hollywood legend Charlie Chaplin and intellectuals such as French literary critic Marcel Brion and British novelist Aldous Huxley (of 'Brave New World' fame), who wrote: "Felix the Cat proves that what the cinema can do better than literature or the spoken drama is to be fantastic." Huxley also argued that European Expressionist filmmakers ought to take notice of Felix in order to avoid the pretentiousness and humorlessness that marred their work.
'Laura'.
Felix the Cat comics
Felix was also one of the first animated characters to be adapted into a comic strip. On 1 August 1923, he starred in his own newspaper comic, distributed by King Features and drawn by Messmer himself. The strip was initially a Sunday page, The comic strip made its debut in the British newspaper The Daily Sketch before it was published in the United States on 19 August 1923. A daily strip was added on 9 May 1927, which continued on its own after the Sunday page was canceled in September 1943. Since many of the early animated cartoons owed a lot to the comics medium, the transition between the two proved no difficulties to Messmer. Felix already spoke in speech balloons and reacted in question and/or exclamation marks on screen. The comic strip offered the possibility to tell longer, more continuous stories. Messmer would draw and ink 'Felix the Cat' until 1954, long after the character had disappeared from movie screens in 1931. He sometimes enjoyed assistance from artists like Jack Bogle, Bill Holman, Dana Parker and Ed Cronin. After Messmer retired, Joseph Oriolo took over the series until the end of its run in January 1967.
Right from the start, the 'Felix the Cat' Sunday comic was accompanied by toppers like 'Laura' (1926-1935), 'Funny Films' (1933-1935), 'Sunny Side' (1935), 'Bobby Dazzler' (1935-1940), 'Gus the Ghost' (1940) and 'Don Poco' (1940-1942). 'Laura' centered on a talkative parrot. Companion strip 'Bobby Dazzler' also appeared as 'Bobby and Chip' (1936-1938) in the British Mickey Mouse Weekly. These were in turn reprinted in Mickey Mouse Magazine, the first full-scale US periodical devoted to Walt Disney's iconic mouse, published by Hal Horne and later Kay Kamen. For this magazine, Messmer also made illustrations starring Donald Duck, Mouse Mouse and other Disney characters from 1935 to 1937.
Felix the Cat: comic books
Between 1948 and 1955, the first series of monthly 'Felix the Cat' comic books was published by Dell Comics and Toby Press. In the 1990s, Harvey Comics also published 'Felix the Cat' comics, scripted by Jack Mendelsohn and drawn by Frank Hill, among other people. During the 1990s and 2000s, the American imprint Felix Comics released a new line of 'Felix the Cat' comics, including the series 'Felix the Cat and Friends' (1992-1993), 'The New Adventures of Felix the Cat' (1992-1993) and 'Felix the Cat in Black and White' (1997-1999), as well as a great many one-shot books. Among the writers and artists involved were Don Oriolo, Scott McRae, Dan Parent, Robert Wetterauw Jr., Jenn Henning, Pete Fitzgerald and Jean Caliguire.
Felix the Cat: international comics
Until well into the 21st century, locally produced 'Felix the Cat' comics appeared in other countries, some unofficial, others licensed. Between 1926 and 1928, the British comic artists Charlie Pease and Arthur Martin also had a humor comic strip named 'Felix the Fat', which, apart from the lame pun in the title, had nothing to do with Sullivan's Felix. The Italian cartoonist Guglielmo Guastaveglia teamed up Sullivan's 'Felix the Cat' with Walt Disney's 'Mickey Mouse' for a series of illegal 'Topolino' strips in the newspaper Il Popolo di Roma (1928). From the 1950s through the 1990s, local comic book stories with 'Felix the Cat' was produced by the Italian publishing houses Edizioni Bianconi and Editoriale Metro, with artists like Tiberio Colantuoni, Sandro Dossi, Umberto Manfrin, Alberico Motta, Pierluigi Sangalli and Mario Sbattella.
In East-Germany, the original 'Felix the Cat' comic strip in the Leipziger Volkszeitung was succeeded by standalone episodes of a so-called "DDR-Felix", drawn by local artist Joachim Nusser. Between 1958 and 1981, the West-German publisher Bastei Verlag published a weekly Felix magazine, with locally produced comic stories by Spanish artists of Studio Ortega, like Alfonso Borillo, Ignasi Calvet Esteban and Juan Alonso Villanueva, as well as the German Atelier Reindl Dachsel.
'Bobby & Chip', 16 May 1936.
Creator controversy
Despite Felix' global success, Sullivan took all the credit. Only after his death in 1933, when the studio was forced to close down, did Messmer go public about his lack of recognition and profit for what was in essence his creation. One of his most vocal defenders was Joseph Oriolo, whom Messmer met when he worked as a storyboard artist for Paramount's 'Popeye' cartoons (based on E.C. Segar's comic strip) in 1944-1946. The debate continues to this day. Sullivan did create a prototypical version of a black cat in 1917 with the short 'The Tail of Thomas Kat'. Messmer's cat, created two years later, was very similar in design, down to its original name, 'Master Tom'. Felix only received his current name after his third cartoon, which was either thought up by Sullivan or by John King, a colleague of Messmer. While Sullivan's business sense turned Felix into the global icon he remains today, it cannot be denied that Messmer did more to develop Felix' personality. He drew him far more often than Sullivan ever did, both in cartoons and in comics.
The controversy about who the real creator of 'Felix the Cat' is repeated itself about a decade later when Ub Iwerks remodeled Felix into Mickey Mouse. For decades, Walt Disney was credited with the creation of Mickey, while even the Walt Disney Corporation nowadays acknowledges that Iwerks was basically Mickey's creator. A similar dispute is the debate over who is the real creator of Bugs Bunny, with people arguing whether Tex Avery, animator Bugs Hardaway or Bob Clampett deserves the most credit. History also repeated itself when both Seymour Reit and Joe Oriolo claimed to be the sole creator of Casper the Friendly Ghost. In another similar situation, Alex Anderson took legal action to make it clear that he was the real creator of 'Rocky & Bullwinkle' and not Jay Ward.
In 1996, the 'Felix' controversy would be satirized in Matt Groening's 'The Simpsons', namely the episode 'The Day the Violence Died', where it is argued who was the original creator of Itchy from 'Itchy & Scratchy'.
Felix the Cat - 'Misdeal' (Felix the Cat #1, Dell Comics).
Felix the Cat after the 1920s
Felix was briefly revived as a cartoon star in 1936 by the Van Beuren Studios, but failed to appeal to modern audiences. One of the animators on the series during this period was Les Carroll. The character was revived during the early years of TV as the star of the children's series 'Felix the Cat' (1959-1961), produced by Felix the Cat Productions and distributed by Trans-Lux. The show gave him a magic bag and introduced a new cast of side characters, including his nemesis The Professor and his sidekick Poindexter. It also had a memorable theme song, sung by Ann Bennett and composed by Winston Sharples. Both Joseph Oriolo and Sullivan's son Pat Sullivan Jr. were closely involved in the production. One of the directors was Rube Grossman, while Jim Tyer was one of the animators. In 1970, Oriolo obtained the rights to Felix. Messmer passed away from a heart attack in 1983. A year later, his creation was teamed up with the Fleischers' Betty Boop character in the newspaper comic 'Betty Boop and Felix' (1984-1988), created by Brian, Greg, Morgan and Neal Walker, only to find out later that they didn't own the rights to Felix, therefore quickly making it a Betty-centered comic instead.
In 1989, 'Felix the Cat' appeared in his first full-length animated feature film, 'Felix the Cat: The Movie' (1989), co-produced by Animation Film Cologne and Pannónia Filmstúdió and directed by Tibor Hernádi. However, the picture was a critical and financial box office flop. A reboot of the 'Felix the Cat' TV series was produced by Film Roman as 'The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat' (1995-1997), with Milton Knight as director, Cliff Voorhees as animator and Joe Murray as a character designer. It was broadcast on CBS. A short-lived junior spin-off of 'Felix the Cat', titled 'Baby Felix' (2000-2001), ran on the Japanese TV network NHK.
Recognition
In 1979, Otto Messmer received the Winsor McCay Award.
Final years and death
Otto Messmer lived long enough to see 'Felix the Cat' enjoy ongoing popularity. He passed away in 1983 at age 91.
Legacy and influence
Despite being over a hundred years old, 'Felix the Cat' remains iconic today. He can be considered the godfather of all cartoon stars and inspired numerous animators and cartoonists, including Walt Disney, Ub Iwerks, Paul Terry, Bob Clampett, Raoul Servais, Sally Cruikshank, Bjorn Frank Jensen, Tabaré, John Kricfalusi and Matt Groening. Contrary to older cartoon characters, Felix is still used in merchandising today and remains recognizable to anyone with even a mild interest in animation.
In Norman Rockwell's illustration 'Boy In a Diner' (1946), a boy is portrayed with a 'Felix the Cat' comic book sticking out of his pocket. Between 1958 and 1981, German publishing company Bastei Verlag released Felix, a children's comic magazine named after Felix the Cat. 'Felix the Cat' comics were spoofed as a sex parody by Roger Brunel in 'Pastiches 2' (1982). In the 1990s, house DJ Felix Stallings, Jr. adapted the stage name Felix da Housecat.
Cartoon by Otto Messmer.